Improved compliance with international humanitarian law (IHL) starts with a shared understanding of what the rules mean. The updated Commentary translates decades of legal and operational experience into practical guidance for those applying the Fourth Geneva Convention — from military practitioners and humanitarian policymakers to academics and judges.
Over the past 75 years, the Fourth Geneva Convention has been interpreted through real conflicts, shaping its application in crucial ways. New technologies, changes in warfare, and advances in medicine all affect how its rules are implemented.
This updated commentary clarifies how the Convention’s rules on occupation, internment and, humanitarian relief, should be understood and implemented in light of today’s realities — from digital communications to modern methods of warfare.
For instance, the prohibition on exposing protected persons to “public curiosity” now extends to digital and social media. Similarly, developments in international criminal law have refined the understanding of what constitutes a grave breach.
These are not marginal issues — they are central to fulfilling the legal and moral obligations that underpin protection in war.
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